I’ve written relatively extensively on the topic of replacing enum constructs with classes, so I won’t rehash the topic. Instead, I’d like to introduce you to some code I’ve written that enables you to create finite domains of Value Objects in C#. Please see my two previous posts on the subject to learn more about the benefits of this approach. To see how the Value Object semantics and making a finite domain a first class concept in the pattern improves the approach, read on.
First, we need some definitions. We are taking the concept of a Value Object from Eric Evans’ book “Domain Driven Design” p.99:
When you care only about the attributes of an element of the model, classify it as a Value Object. Make it express the meaning of the attributes it conveys and give it related functionality. Treat the Value Object as immutable. Don’t give it any identity […] The attributes that make up a Value Object should form a conceptual whole.
An example here is useful. Consider modeling the domain of a book publisher. At some point you need to capture all the different formats of books: A4, B, Pinched Crown, etc. The attributes of width, height, unit of measure, and name would go into your model. But, any instance of your A4 Value Object should be completely interchangeable from any other A4. And, it goes without saying that you can’t change the width or height or any other attribute of A4.
All of the different formats of books belong to a Value Domain. According to WordNet, a domain (we are using the mathematical notion) is:
the set of values of the independent variable for which a function is defined
The functional complement of a domain is the range of the function; i.e. domain is what you can put in, the range is what you can expect to get out. I like calling this concept in my approach a domain instead of a set, because it neatly captures a key benefit. When we are writing code. We want to declare our parameters as being a proper member of domain of values, instead of just primitive types or strings.
Now we’re ready to dive into the implementation. Let’s begin with the end in mind. I want to write a function, say, that let’s me search for a document with a particular format about an arbitrary topic.
void SearchDocs(DocFormat docFormat, string topic)
Ok, so we could create a base class or an interface called DocFormat and create Word doc, PDF, etc. that inherit from or implement DocFormat. Easy. But, SearchDocs has to be able to handle all current and future implementations of DocFormat; it must not violate the Liskov substitution principle. What if the repository or search algorithm depends on the what the doc format actually is? Also, we’d have a subclass of DocFormat to write for every document type, and we’d have to do a lot of work to remove object identity, since your instance of PDF is not the same as my instance of PDF. And, don’t forget to make the whole thing immutable. [Note: I know this is a contrived example with well-established OOP solutions that don’t require LSP violation. Work with me here. :)]
Clearly we have a lot of work to do to make our Value Objects a reality. It’s not impossible, though, and a quick Bing Google turns up a couple of investigations and approaches. Jimmy Bogard’s approach gave me a clue that I needed to get it working. What I wanted was a base type, ValueObject, that I could inherit from and get the Value Object semantics described in Evans.
Jimmy’s approach used a self-referencing open constructed type to allow the ValueObject base class to do all the work of providing Value Object semantics. This base class uses dynamic reflection to determine what properties to use in the derived class to do equality comparisons (an approach nominally improved upon here). He saw his approach as having a single fundamental flaw; it only worked for the first level of inheritance, i.e. the first descendent from ValueObject.
For my purposes—creating a bounded, finite domain of Value Objects to replace enum-type classes--this is not a flaw. Substantively, all that remains to do is introduce the concept of the the Value Domain into Jimmy’s approach and put the Value Objects in it. Because I wanted to use these Value Domains throughout the enterprise, I baked WCF support into my approach. Further, because the Value Domain is defined a priori, I didn’t have to play with object identity; I could simply look the value up in the domain. (It took a little out-of-the-box thinking to get that to work transparently.) Finally, I wanted it to be trivially easy to create these Value Domains, so I created a snippet for use in Visual Studio.
Here’s an example of Value Domain and Value Objects implementation:
[DataContract]
public sealed class DocFormats : ValueObject<DocFormats.DocFormat, string, DocFormats>.Values<DocFormats>
{
private DocFormats()
{
Word = Add("Word");
PDF = Add("PDF");
}
[DataMember]
public readonly BindingType Word, PDF;
[Serializable]
public sealed class DocFormat : ValueObject<DocFormat, string, DocFormats>
{
private DocFormat(string v) : base(v) { }
}
}
DocFormats is the Value Domain. DocFormat is the type of the Value Object. String is the underlying type of the values, but the pattern supports anything that implements IEquatable and IComparable. Methods can accept DocFormats.DocFormat as a parameter and only Word and PDF will be valid. Code can specify those values through a Singleton accessor: DocFormats.Instance.PDF. You’ll notice that the only constructor is private; the Singleton implementation is in the base value domain base class (ValueObject<…>.Values<…>).
// our new method interface
void SearchDocs(DocFormats.DocFormat docFormat, string topic)
{
// referencing an individual value
if(DocFormats.Instance.Word == docFormat)
{
//...
}
}
Above you’ll note that the Value Object type definition (subclass of ValueObject<…>) is nested inside of the Value Domain. Doing that groups the two together syntactically in a very natural way (FooTypes.FooType); the entire domain of values is contained in one place. That locality makes the snippet to produce them cohesive too. [Note: I’ve included the snippet XML at the end of this post.]
Interestingly, the underlying implementation necessarily inverts this nesting; the Value Domain base class is nested in the Value Object base class. That allows the Value Domain Singleton to create instances of Value Objects. I only had to resort to reflection in order to allow the Value Domain base class to provide the Singleton implementation. Inversion of Control containers like Unity and Castle Windsor do this kind of reflection all the time, and it’s cheap since .NET 2.0.
Without further ado, here’s the base classes implementation.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
[Serializable]
public abstract class ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues> : IEquatable<T>, IComparable, IComparable<T>
where T : ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues>
where TValue : IEquatable<TValue>, IComparable<TValue>
where TValues : ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues>.Values<TValues>
{
/// <summary>
/// This is the encapsulated value.
/// </summary>
public readonly TValue Value;
protected ValueObject(TValue value)
{
Value = value;
}
#region equality
public override bool Equals(object other)
{
return other != null && other is T && Equals(other as T);
}
public override int GetHashCode()
{
// TODO provide an efficient implementation
// http://www.dotnetjunkies.com/weblog/tim.weaver/archive/2005/04/04/62285.aspx
return Value.GetHashCode();
}
public bool Equals(T other)
{
return other != null && Value.Equals(other.Value);
}
public static bool operator ==(ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues> x, ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues> y)
{
// pointing to same heap location
if (ReferenceEquals(x, y)) return true;
// both references are null
if (null == (object)(x ?? y)) return true;
// auto-boxed LHS is not null
if ((object)x != null)
return x.Equals(y);
return false;
}
public static bool operator !=(ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues> x, ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues> y)
{
return !(x == y);
}
#endregion
public static implicit operator TValue(ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues> obj)
{
return obj.Value;
}
public static implicit operator ValueObject<T, TValue, TValues>(TValue val)
{
T valueObject;
if (Values<TValues>.Instance.TryGetValue(val, out valueObject))
return valueObject;
throw new InvalidCastException(String.Format("{0} cannot be converted", val));
}
public override string ToString()
{
return Value.ToString();
}
#region comparison
public int CompareTo(T other)
{
return Value.CompareTo(other);
}
public int CompareTo(object obj)
{
if (null == obj)
throw new ArgumentNullException();
if (obj is T)
return Value.CompareTo((obj as T).Value);
throw new ArgumentException(String.Format("Must be of type {0}", typeof(T)));
}
#endregion
[Serializable]
public abstract class Values<TDomain> where TDomain : Values<TDomain>
{
[NonSerialized]
protected readonly Dictionary<TValue, T> _values = new Dictionary<TValue, T>();
private void Add(T valueObject)
{
_values.Add(valueObject.Value, valueObject);
}
protected T Add(TValue val)
{
var valueObject = typeof(T).InvokeMember(typeof(T).Name,
BindingFlags.CreateInstance | BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.NonPublic, null, null, new object[] { val }) as T;
Add(valueObject);
return valueObject;
}
public bool TryGetValue(TValue value, out T valueObject)
{
return _values.TryGetValue(value, out valueObject);
}
public bool Contains(T valueObject)
{
return _values.ContainsValue(valueObject);
}
static volatile TDomain _instance;
static readonly object Lock = new object();
public static TDomain Instance
{
get
{
if (_instance == null)
lock (Lock)
{
if (_instance == null)
_instance = typeof(TDomain)
.InvokeMember(typeof(TDomain).Name,
BindingFlags.CreateInstance |
BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.NonPublic, null, null, null) as TDomain;
}
return _instance;
}
}
}
}
I’d love to hear your feedback. This is approach is not intended to support unbounded Value Domains, such as the canonical example of Address. It is meant for the enums-as-classes problem, i.e. finite, bounded Value Domains.
ValueObject.snippet
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<CodeSnippets xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/2005/CodeSnippet">
<CodeSnippet Format="1.0.0">
<Header>
<Title>ValueOjbect</Title>
<Shortcut>vo</Shortcut>
<Description>Code snippet for ValueObject and domain</Description>
<Author>Christopher Atkins</Author>
<SnippetTypes>
<SnippetType>Expansion</SnippetType>
</SnippetTypes>
</Header>
<Snippet>
<Declarations>
<Literal>
<ID>domain</ID>
<ToolTip>Value domain name</ToolTip>
<Default>MyValues</Default>
</Literal>
<Literal>
<ID>value</ID>
<ToolTip>ValueObject Class name</ToolTip>
<Default>MyValueObject</Default>
</Literal>
<Literal>
<ID>type</ID>
<ToolTip>Value Type</ToolTip>
<Default>string</Default>
</Literal>
</Declarations>
<Code Language="csharp">
<![CDATA[
[DataContract]
public sealed class $domain$ : ValueObject<$domain$.$value$, $type$, $domain$>.Values<$domain$>
{
private $domain$()
{
Value1 = Add(String.Empty);
}
[DataMember]
public readonly $value$ Value1;
[Serializable]
public sealed class $value$ : ValueObject<$value$, $type$, $domain$>
{
private $value$($type$ v) : base(v) { }
}
}
]]>
</Code>
</Snippet>
</CodeSnippet>
</CodeSnippets>
